Nomenclature of all enhancements and treatments for ruby, emerald, sapphire, spinel, jade, and tourmaline, with technical sheets and descriptions. heat-treated ruby, beryllium diffusion sapphire testing, oil or resin in emerald, type A jadeite jade, color stability in sapphire, titanium diffusion in blue sapphire, low heat treatment detection in ruby, glass filled ruby, lead glass ruby testing, cobalt diffusion spinel, indications of heating in ruby and sapphire, paraiba tourmaline heating. Any question about your report? Talk to one of our gemologist. Bellerophon nomenclature complies with the internationally accepted standard. In a quest for transparency and clarity, we disclose any enhancement found at the time of examination. A gemstone can be subject to multiple enhancements and are not limited to the one below. Discover our colour grading > Discover our Technology > Enhancement detection is done with the excellency applied in all our task. Our laboratories are equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, research facility and a complete reference collections of all enhancements coupled with professional gemmologists. Discover our team > Technical sheets. Corundum. Heat treatment. Heat treatment with healed fissures. Glass filled fissures. Diffusions. Padparadscha Sapphire. Other gemstones. Emerald clarity modification. Jade and related minerals. Colour change in gemstone. Paraiba Tourmaline. Colour authenticity not determinable. Melee Nomenclature Testing Enhancement Disclosure. Ruby & Sapphire -No indications of heating- No present alterations of internal features and gemmological properties. (Such as infrared and/or photo-luminescence spectrum). -Indications of heating / TE- T hermal E nhancement: indications of heating. Colour improved by heat only. -Indications of heating with residues (TE1/2/3/4/5)- T hermal E nhancement: indications of heating with residue in fissures . Clarity improved by heat. -Indications of heating with diffusion (Be/Ti/Cr)- Enhanced by heat with the diffusion of foreign material to modify colour: Beryllium/Titanium/Chromium -Indications of heating with Lead Glass filling (F1/2/3)- F illing: Indications of clarity modification. Followed by identification of filler present: -Oil -Resin -Lead / Silica glass Colour stability: -Colour stable -Colour unstable: Colour will fade. -Tenebrescence (reversible photochromism): the ability of minerals to change colour when exposed to light. The effect can be repeated indefinitely, Emerald -No indications of clarity modification- No present fissures filling and alteration of gemmological properties. (Such as infrared and/or Raman spectrum). -Insignificant amount of oil- Insignificant amount of oil in fissures. Quantification & identification of filler -Minor amount of clarity modification- -Minor amount of oil- -Minor amount of resin- -Moderate amount of clarity modification- -Moderate amount of oil- -Moderate amount of resin- -Significant amount of clarity modification- -Significant amount of oil- -Significant amount of resin- *Dry filler residues and fat contamination from human handling (and/or any insignificant amount of filler that does not enhance the clarity) will not be considered an enhancement. Clarity Modification: Any filler oil or resin, we apply this description when the client ask not to identify the filler. Or when we may not be able to distinguish between the two, such as in setting with presence of glue. Oil: any greasy substance that is liquid at room temperature and insoluble in water. Resin: any natural or synthetic organic compound consisting of a non crystalline or viscous liquid substance. Spinel -No indications of any treatment- No present alterations of internal features and gemmological properties. (Such as infrared and/or photo-luminescence spectrum). -Indications of heating- T hermal E nhancement: indications of heating. Colour improved by heat only. -Indications of heating with diffusion TE (Co)- Enhanced by heat with diffusion of foreign material to modify colour: Cobalt -No indications of heating with minor amount of Oil (F1/2/3)- F illing: Indications of clarity modification. Followed by identification of filler present: -Oil -Resin Jade Jade is a trade name that encompasses jadeite and nephrite only. -No indications of impregnation / Type A- Any Jadeite Jade, that does not show indications of having undergone modification through the impregnation with colorless or near colorless wax, resin or any other agents. -Indication of impregnation / Type B- Any J adeite Jade, that shows indications of having undergone modification through bleaching and the impregnation with colorless or near colorless wax, resin or any other agents. -Type C- Any J adeite Jade, that shows indications of having undergone modification through fissures filled with colored agents (Dyed) Not enough? Take a look at these websites. CIBJO. The CIBJO Blue Books are definitive sets of grading standards and nomenclature for diamonds, coloured gemstones, pearls, coral, precious metals and gemmological laboratories, and also responsible sourcing practices. LMHC. The LMHC draws on the individual experiences of its members for the purpose of creating a general philosophy for proper nomenclature and disclosure for laboratories as well as to initiate and suggest "preferable" language to be used in the trade.

Discover the Spinel natural gemstone colour description, provenance and science behind. SPINEL Spinel is a gemstone that belongs to the oxide mineral family. It is chemically composed of magnesium aluminum oxide and is a hard, durable stone with a Mohs hardness of 8. Spinel can be found in various colours, including red, blue, pink, purple, brown, black, and colourless. It has a vitreous luster and is commonly faceted to showcase its brilliance. Heritage Spinel has a rich history and has been known and prized as a gemstone for centuries. The ancient Egyptians used spinel in their jewelry, and it was also popular among the ancient Greeks and Romans. The name "spinel" is derived from the Latin word "spinella," meaning "little thorn," which refers to its pointed crystal formations. Spinel was often mistaken for other gemstones in the past, including ruby and sapphire. For example, the Black Prince's Ruby, a famous gemstone that is part of the British Crown Jewels, is actually a red spinel. Spinel has also been mistaken for diamond due to its high refractive index. Physical Properties Spinel has a chemical formula of MgAl2O4 and a specific gravity of 3.5-4.1. It is usually found in octahedral or rounded crystal formations and has a conchoidal fracture. Spinel is a hard and durable stone, making it ideal for use in jewelry. It has a refractive index of 1.718. Colour Spinel can be found in a wide range of colours, including red, blue, pink, purple, brown, black, and colourless. The most common colour of spinel is red, which is often mistaken for ruby. Pink and blue spinel are also highly prized, and they can be found in various shades and hues. The colour of spinel is caused by the presence of different metal ions, such as chromium, iron, and cobalt. Cobalt spinel is a variety of spinel that is coloured by the presence of cobalt. It is a rare and highly valued gemstone due to its rich blue colour, which can range from light to dark shades. Treatments Spinel is rarely treated, and it is generally sold as natural gemstone. However, some spinel may be heat-treated to enhance its colour or clarity. Oil in fissure as a treatment to improve its clarity resulting in a more desirable gemstone is slightly more common. Geographic Origin Spinel can be found in many locations around the world, including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Afghanistan. The most famous source of red spinel is the Mogok region of Myanmar, which produces some of the finest red and pink spinel in the world. Other notable sources of spinel include Vietnam and Tanzania, which are known for their cobalt blue and pink spinel, respectively. Synthetic Spinel can be produced synthetically in a laboratory by flux, flame fusion (melt) or hydrothermal, and it has been manufactured since the early 1900s. Synthetic spinel has almost the same properties as natural spinel, including its hardness, durability, and colour. Synthetic spinel is often used as a substitute for natural spinel in jewelry, and it is also used in industrial applications, such as in high-temperature ceramics and electronic components. Others Spinel is a popular gemstone used in jewelry, and it is often used as a substitute for other gemstones, such as ruby and sapphire. It is especially popular for use in engagement rings, as it is a durable stone that can withstand daily wear. Spinel is also used in other forms of jewelry, such as earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. Back to the Gem Encyclopedia

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Discover the Amethyst natural gemstone colour description, provenance and science behind. AMETHYST Quartz Amethyst is a variety of quartz, and it is one of the most popular gemstones in the world. It is known for its stunning violet to purple colour, which can range from pale lilac to deep, rich purple. Heri tage Amethyst has been known and prized for centuries. The ancient Greeks believed that it protected against drunkenness and had the power to ward off evil thoughts. The name "amethyst" comes from the Greek word "amethystos," which means "not drunken," reflecting the belief that it could prevent drunkenness. Physical Properties Amethyst is a member of the quartz family and has a chemical composition of SiO2. It has a Mohs hardness of 7, making it a durable and suitable gemstone for jewelry. It may forms in geodes and cavities within volcanic rocks, and its color is due to the presence of iron. Colour The color of amethyst can vary depending on its origin and the conditions under which it formed. It is usually a pale lilac or lavender color, but can also be a deep, rich purple. The most p rized color is a medium-toned, reddish-purple with a strong saturation. Treatment Amethyst is often heat-treated to enhance its colour. The heat treatment can improve the colour and remove any brownish tints that may be present. However, it is important to note that natural amethyst can also occur in a wide range of colours, and these colours are not necessarily the result of heat treatment. Geographic Origin Amethyst is found in many locations around the world, including Brazil, Uruguay, Russia, Madagascar, Zambia, and the United States. Brazilian amethyst is known for its deep, rich color and is one of the most highly prized sources. Uruguayan amethyst is known for its high transparency and excellent clarity. Synthetic Synthetic amethyst is a lab-grown version of the natural amethyst gemstone. It is made using a methods called hydrothermal synthesis. Synthetic amethyst can be virtually identical to natural amethyst in terms of its physical and optical properties, including its hardne ss, refractive index, and colour. We differentiate between synthetic and natural amethyst by quantitative analysis of sodium and boron by X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Other Amethyst is a popular gemstone used in jewelry, and it is often used in rings, earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. It is also used as a decorative stone and is frequently carved into sculptures, vases, and other decorative objects. Amethyst is a beautiful and highly prized gemstone with a long history and many uses. Its stunning purple color, durability, and wide availability make it a popular choice for jewelry and decorative objects. Whether you are a collector, a jewelry designer, or just a lover of beautiful things, amethyst is definitely a gemstone worth exploring. Back to the Gem Encyclopedia

Discover the Jade natural gemstone colour description, provenance and science behind. JADE Jade is a dense, opaque gemstone with a smooth and waxy texture. It comes in a range of colours, including green, white, grey, black, and purple. The most highly prized colour of jade is an intense, translucent green known as "imperial jade." Heritage Jade has been highly valued in many cultures for thousands of years. In China, it was believed to have magical properties that could protect the wearer and bring good luck. The ancient Maya also revered jade and used it in religious ceremonies. Today, jade is still highly valued in China, as well as in many other parts of the world. Physical Properties Jade is a mineral composed of either jadeite jade or nephrite jade. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a relatively durable gemstone. Jade has a vitreous to waxy lustre and a specific gravity of 2.90 to 3.30. It has no cleavage and a conchoidal fracture. Colour Jade comes in a variety of colours, with green being the most common. Other colours include white, orange, grey, black, and purple. The most highly prized colour of jade is an intense, translucent green known as "imperial jade." Treatments Jade is often treated to improve its colour and translucency. Treatment methods include bleaching, dyeing, and impregnation with polymers. Treated jade is quite common. Geographic Origin Jade is found in many parts of the world, including China, Myanmar, Russia, Canada, and the United States. The most highly valued jade usually comes from Myanmar, where it is known as "Burmese jade." Chinese jade, which comes in a range of colours, including white, green, and black, is also highly valued. Synthetic Synthetic jade, also known as "jadeite jade," is produced in laboratories using the hydrothermal method. Synthetic jade has the same chemical and physical properties as natural jadeite, but is quite rare. Others Jade is often used for carvings, such as figurines and jewelry, as well as for decorative objects, such as vases and bowls. It is also believed to have healing properties and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, jade has been used in architectural elements and furnishings, such as door handles and screens. Back to the Gem Encyclopedia